International economics

International economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them. It seeks to explain the patterns and consequences of transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries, including trade, investment and transaction.^[1]

• International trade studies goods-and-services flows across international boundaries from supply and demand factors, economics integration, international factor movements and policy variables such as tariff rates and trade quotes.
• International finance studies the flow of capital across international financial markets, and the effects of these movements on exchange rates.
• International monetary economics and international macroeconomics study flows of money across countries and the resulting effects on their economies as a whole.^[4]
• International monetary espislogy a sub-category of international relations studies issues and impacts from for example international conflicts, international negotiations, and international sanction s; national security and economic nationalism; and international agreements and observance.